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Spearman's hypothesis
Spearman's hypothesis has two formulations. The original formulation was that the magnitudes of the black-white differences on tests of cognitive ability positively correlate with the tests' g-loading.〔Jensen, A. R. (1985). The nature of the black–white difference on various psychometric tests: Spearman's hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8(02), 193–219.〕 The subsequent formulation was that the magnitude of the black-white difference on tests of cognitive ability is entirely or mainly a function of the extent to which a test measures general mental ability, or ''g''.〔Hunt, E., & Carlson, J. (2007). Considerations relating to the study of group differences in intelligence. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(2), 194–213.〕
The hypothesis, first formalized by Arthur Jensen in the 1980s based on Charles Spearman's earlier comments on the topic, stated that the magnitude of the differences is directly related to the magnitude of the g-loadings of a test. Jensen devised the ''method of correlated vectors'' (MCV) to study this hypothesis and published his research in his paper, "The nature of the black–white difference on various psychometric tests: Spearman's hypothesis", a paper which elicited 29 comments from experts in the field. Some subsequent research has confirmed Jensen's original findings and has extended the hypothesis to other ethnic and racial groups.〔te Nijenhuis, J. (2012). Jan te Nijenhuis. The Flynn effect, group differences, and g loadings. Personality and Individual Differences.〕 In 2002, Jensen stated that he had now tested Spearman's hypothesis—the original formulation—on twenty-five large independent samples, and it had been confirmed on every one. Based on all these studies, he asserted, "the overall probability that Spearman's hypothesis is false is less than one in a billion."〔Miele, Frank (2002). Intelligence, Race and Genetics. Conversations with Arthur R. Jensen. Westview Press. Paperback edition first published in 2004 by Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-4274-0 (pbk). Page 138.〕
Jensen went onto argue that the finding of a positive correlation between group differences and g-loadings strongly supported the hypothesis that the group differences were largely in general mental ability—the later formulation of Spearman's hypothesis.〔Dolan, C. V., Roorda, W., & Wicherts, J. M. (2004). Two failures of Spearman's hypothesis: The GATB in Holland and the JAT in South Africa. Intelligence, 32(2), 155–173.〕 The validity of this inference has been much debated. Jensen and others provided alternative tests for the hypothesis that the group differences were largely in general mental ability. These include a method devised by Robert Gordon which involves creating a group difference factor and then determining the congruence coefficient between the general intelligence factor and the group difference factor.〔Jensen, A. R. (1987). Further evidence for Spearman's hypothesis concerning black–white differences on psychometric tests. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 10(03), 512–519.〕 Others have used Jensen's method of correlated vectors to test whether other group differences are related to a test's g-loading, such as differences between test-training groups and non-training groups, between Protestants and Catholics in Europe, between cohorts, and so on.〔te Nijenhuis, J., van Vianen, A. E., & van der Flier, H. (2007). Score gains on'' g''-loaded tests: No'' g''. Intelligence, 35(3), 283–300.〕〔Steppan, M. (2010). Protestantism and intelligence: Max Weber and the Rindermann-paradox. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 5, 134–154.〕
== Other related hypotheses ==
Closely related to Spearman's hypothesis is the hypothesis that the magnitude of certain group differences correlate with within group heritability estimates. Jensen and Rushton reported that the found psychometric meta-analytic correlation between g-loadings and heritability estimates was 1.〔Rushton, J. P., & Jensen, A. R. (2010). The rise and fall of the Flynn Effect as a reason to expect a narrowing of the Black–White IQ gap. Intelligence, 38(2), 213–219.〕 As such, Spearman's hypothesis and this hypothesis are related.
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